Cananga odorata (Lamk)
Hook.F. & Thomson
Cananga
odorata (Lamk) Hook.F. &
Thomson
(kenanga)
(kenanga)
INTRODUCTION
:
In
Southest Asian origin, Cananga
odorata, commonly known as ylang-ylang, is a medium –size tree that
has been introduce into many islands in the Pacific for its fragrant flowers.
This species is often found growing spontaneously in secondary forests and agro
forests, where it regenerates easily. It is also a common garden ornamental. In
Madagascar and the Comoro Islands, ylang-ylang is value as the source for
ylang-ylang oil, which figures prominently in the perfume industry and
aromatherapy. In Indonesia, this species is a component of mixed and teak
forests.It is a commonly planted and spontaneous tree in secondary forests and
agro forests in Micronesia and Polynesia.
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION :
Kingdom : Plantae
Order: Magnoliales
Family : Annonaceae (Custard-apple family)
Genus: Cananga
Spesies : Cananga odorata
Vernacular name:
Order: Magnoliales
Family : Annonaceae (Custard-apple family)
Genus: Cananga
Spesies : Cananga odorata
Vernacular name:
canang
odorant (French), chirang, irang (Palau), derangerang, derangirang (Nauru),
ilahnglahng, ilanlang (Kosrae), ilang-ilang, alang-ilang (Guam, CNMI),
ilangilang, lengileng, alangilang, pur-n-wai, pwurenwai, seir en wei (Pohnpei),
ilanilan(Marshall Islands), lanalana (Hawai), makosoi, mokohoi, makasui,
mokosoi (Fiji), mohokoi (Tonga), moso’oi (Samoa), moto’i (French Polynesia),
moto’oi, mata’oi, mato’oi (Cook Islands, Niue, Tahiti) motoi(
marquesas-Nukuhiya, Niue), sa’o (Solomon Islands), ylang-ylang, perfume tree,
cananga, cadmia (English), apurvachampaka, chettu sampangi, karumugai (India),
ilang-ilang, alang-ilang (Philippines), kadatngan, kadatnyan (Myanmar),
kernanga (Indonesia), kenanga, chenanga,ylang-ylang (Malaysia).
Non-preffered scientific name :
i) Canangium fruticosum Craib
ii) Canangium odoratum (Lamk) Baill. Ex King
iii) Canangium scortechinii King
iv) Uvaria odorata Lamk
i) Canangium fruticosum Craib
ii) Canangium odoratum (Lamk) Baill. Ex King
iii) Canangium scortechinii King
iv) Uvaria odorata Lamk
DISTRIBUTION :
Native range -:
Ylang-ylang
is native to Indo-Malaysia and has been widely introduced by Polynesians,
Micronesians and early European explorers into many islands in the Pacific,
where in some places it has become naturalized.
Current Distribution -:
Grows in a geographical zone ranging from India to Polynesia.
Grows in a geographical zone ranging from India to Polynesia.
MORPHOLOGY
DESCRIPTION:
Form:-
Ylang-ylang is of medium size 10-40m (33-130ft) in height, although rarely over 30m (100ft) and typically 10-20m(33-66ft). Branches are pendulous or slightly erect with drooping, leafy twigs. The tree is usually quite straggly, often with long, leafy twigs dangling 3-6 m (10-20ft). There is a single main trunk that is usually bent to some degree. The bark is smooth and grayish white to silvery.
Ylang-ylang is of medium size 10-40m (33-130ft) in height, although rarely over 30m (100ft) and typically 10-20m(33-66ft). Branches are pendulous or slightly erect with drooping, leafy twigs. The tree is usually quite straggly, often with long, leafy twigs dangling 3-6 m (10-20ft). There is a single main trunk that is usually bent to some degree. The bark is smooth and grayish white to silvery.
Flowers:-
In
flowers throughout the year in axillary, umbellate hanging clusters 0f 4-12
flowers. The flower has three sepals and six petals up to 8 cm (2.4 in) long.
The petals are twisted when young, the limps and drooping when mature. Flowers
are very fragrant, greenish yellow at first, then turning a deep yellow/yellow
brown when mature. Merlin et al. (1993) stated that on Kosrae this plant
flowers at the same time as other fruits or nut trees, e.g., breadfruit,
pandanus, mango and Tahitian chestnut (Inocarpus
fagifer). In Madagascar, the trees flowers year-round, but mainly
during the rainy season from November to March.
Leaves
Leaves
Leaves
are dark green, up to 20 cm(8 in) in length, alternate, simple, entire,
elliptic-oblong, slightly pubescent and with a prominent midrib and drip tip.
As with most members of this family, the leaves are arranged mainly along a
plane.
Fruits
Greenish black in color, 1.5-2.5 cm(0.6-1.0) in length, containing 6-12 stalked fruitlets, fleshy, olive-like and borne in axillary clusters. There are 6-12, small, pale brown, flattened ovoid seeds in each fruits.
Greenish black in color, 1.5-2.5 cm(0.6-1.0) in length, containing 6-12 stalked fruitlets, fleshy, olive-like and borne in axillary clusters. There are 6-12, small, pale brown, flattened ovoid seeds in each fruits.
ANATOMY DESCRIPTION :
Venation
Open, veinlet branching; marginal vein incomplete
Epidermis
Adaxial anticlinal walls sinuous, abaxial anticlinal walls sinuous; stomata paracytic
TS Lamina
Adaxial
epidermis 1:1-1:2, abaxial epidermis 1:2, hypodermis nil, palisade 1 layer,
spongy mesophyll 4-5 layers of cells, sclereids nil, crystals nil, trichomes
nil. Secretory cells not seen.
TS Margin
Slightly
pointing downwards, tip rounded, scelerenchyma nil.
TS Midrib
Outline:
adaxial surface with small hump, abaxial surface “U” shape. Ground tissue
collenchymatous cells adaxially and abaxially. Vascular tissue: open type in
separate bundles arranged in ‘V’ shaped; sclerenchyma sheath interrupted;
trichomes: simple, unicellular to uniseriate occasionally seen; crystals nil;
secretory cells: large cells near phloem tissue.
TS Petiole
TS Petiole
Outline:
semi-circular in shape with adaxial surface channeled. Outer tissue:
collenchyma nil. Vascular tissue : open type, separate bundles laid in an arc;
sclerenchyma sheath interrupted on adaxial and abaxial side of bundles;
trichomes: simple unicellular to uniseriate ; crystals nil. Secretory cells:
some enlarged cells near phloem tissue.
COMMERCIAL
VALUES:
Ornamental
The
tree is ornamental, and its very pleasant fragrance makes it appropriate in
landscaping. Regular top pruning maybe necessary to keep the tree from growing
too tall in an urban setting. The spesies is used as a street tree in Malaysia.
Timber
The
timber is pinkish, yellowish to light gray, non-durable, and vulnerable to
termite attack. The wood is coarse textured and straight grained. In Tonga and
Samoa it is used for general construction and canoe making. The timber used for
furniture in Cook Islands (Thaman et
al. 2000). The wood for is also used for lathe turnings, boxes and
crates, clugs/wooden shoes and fishnet floats (Chudnoff 1984).
Fuelwood
The
wood is occasionally used for fuelwood.
Craftwood/tools
It
is a minor wood for tool handles (Thaman et al.
2000)
Rope/cordage/string
The
bark has very minor use for cordage. In Sulawesi, the bark is beaten to make
coarse rope.
Body ornamentation/ garlands
The
tree is a very important source of flowers in Micronesia and Polynesia. The
very heavily scented flowers are used for garlands, headdresses and other
personal adornment.
Cosmetic/soap/perfume
The
primary commercial product is the distilled oil for the perfume industry, much
of which is shipped to France. Ylang-ylang oil is said to be the for Chanel and
perfume by Guerlain. Ylang-ylang is often used as a scent for coconut oil in
the Pacific islands. The special name of potea is reserved for the this scented
oil in Tonga. When used in moderation, the oil is an allergen and has been
removed from some cosmetics. During the mid-1900s, ylang-ylang oil was used in
a popular hair pomade manufactured in Hawai’i. Cananga oil mixed with coconut
oil is called Macassar oil and used for hair dressing in Southest Asia.
Ceremonial/ religious important
The
tree has minor ceremonial importance. While the plant maybe a recent introduction
to Tonga, ylang-ylang (mohokoi) is categorized there as a culturally important
or sacred plant (akau kakala), along with other sacred or culturally important
indigenous plants.
Medicinal
The bark is used in Tonga and Samoa to treat stomach ailments
and sometimes as a laxative. In Java, the dried flowers are used against
malaria and the fresh flowers are pounded into a paste to treat asthma. A
distillate of the flowers is said to have medicinal value by herbalists and
aromatherapists. Aromatherapists claim that oil is useful for depression,
distressed breathing, high blood pressure, anxiety, as an aphrodisiac and
others. It also used to treat internal heat ,paralysis, pruritis, swellings,
jaundice, scabies, ringworm, sores and to ease childbirth as well as in
postpartum therapy.
Flavoring/ spices
The distilled oils are sometimes used to flavor beverages and foods.
CHEMICAL
CONTENT OF Cananga odorata
Constituent
of ylang-ylang oil
-
Geraniol and linalool esters of acetic and benzoic acids
- p- cresol methyl ester
-
Cadinene
-
Sesquiterpene
-
Phenol
-
Pinen
-
Benzyl alcohol
-
Creosol
-
Carcinogenic
-
formic acid
-
Benzyl acetate
Cytotoxic constituent of the fruits of Cananga odorata
- Guaipyridine sesquiterpene alkaloid
-
Eudesmane sesquiterpene
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