Khasiat Mahkota Dewa
Phaleria, Phaleria macrocarpa, Mahkota Dewa (ndonesia)
are known potent to treat various types of diseases. Plants derived from Java
was also a significant potential to be developed in North Sumatra. Because of
the potential that Nuraini was one who believed, with agroclimate Phaleria
Sumut have better efficacy when compared with fruit that originated from
Yogyakarta. "The fruit that comes from meat Yogya hollow of North Sumatra,
while if a more solid," said Nuraini. He wrestle Phaleria cultivation
since four years ago. Background of the various illnesses suffered by her
husband. Because of the high cost of treatment, he was finally able to find
perobatan effective alternative. Together with her husband, she also made
various efforts, including taking Phaleria. But the result is very effective,
her husband's blood sugar levels can decrease dramatically. In addition to
seeing it as a business opportunity, Nuraini also wants to help prisoners who
are unable to perform because of the high cost of treatment. For that he was
trying to develop a crop this deity crown by using a sufficiently large
backyard, 1000 m2 building area reduced by 135 m2. To obtain seeds of this
deity crown he specifically ordered fresh fruit from Yogyakarta. After one year
it has begun production of this fruit. Gradually he began to add more plants up
to now there are at least 120 plants around the yard of his house. By citing
the fruit makes it easy, she always cut to the height of not more than 1.5
meters. Production throughout the year. Every month, at least he could collect
40 kg or 8 kg of fresh fruit as dried fruit.
Easily cultivated
According to junior high school English teacher first, the crown of the god of cultivation is relatively easy. That have been sowing seeds and planting is placed in the hole by the media as much as 2 kg of manure. He was intentionally only use manure. Moreover, not far from his home in The Village Rejo Sari Polonia Medan District there are dairy farms that make it easier to get the droppings. In doing maintenance, Nuraini admitted to not having a significant constraint. Plants grow well without special treatment. "Most only watering during the dry season. When he was entering a year, this plant was already started production, "he explained. The only pest is ants. "But my direct control of these ants with insecticide," he said. Nuraini explained, when the fruit began to parents with light red color, the fruit is collected to be processed. The fruit is thinly sliced, dried in the sun to dry. When the weather is hot, this drying can take up to three days. After it turned brown, then the fruit is packed in a plastic bag half-ounce capacity and is sold at Rp 10,000.
Benefit
This herb is believed to be able to treat various types of diseases, including lowering blood sugar levels. "How to eat them quite easily, which has Phaleria dry brewed with hot water, a new drink," said Nuraini. The crown of the god is useful for treating cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hipetensi, even weak Lust. Besides the crown of the god, he is also seeking to develop mulberry plantations. Once dried, the mulberry leaf is believed to be able to treat various diseases such as migraine (migrants), teeth, lower blood glucose, aching bones, lower cholesterol levels and various kinds of other diseases.
Source:
http://www.indonesiaherbal.com/herbal/indo/mahkota_dewa.html
Easily cultivated
According to junior high school English teacher first, the crown of the god of cultivation is relatively easy. That have been sowing seeds and planting is placed in the hole by the media as much as 2 kg of manure. He was intentionally only use manure. Moreover, not far from his home in The Village Rejo Sari Polonia Medan District there are dairy farms that make it easier to get the droppings. In doing maintenance, Nuraini admitted to not having a significant constraint. Plants grow well without special treatment. "Most only watering during the dry season. When he was entering a year, this plant was already started production, "he explained. The only pest is ants. "But my direct control of these ants with insecticide," he said. Nuraini explained, when the fruit began to parents with light red color, the fruit is collected to be processed. The fruit is thinly sliced, dried in the sun to dry. When the weather is hot, this drying can take up to three days. After it turned brown, then the fruit is packed in a plastic bag half-ounce capacity and is sold at Rp 10,000.
Benefit
This herb is believed to be able to treat various types of diseases, including lowering blood sugar levels. "How to eat them quite easily, which has Phaleria dry brewed with hot water, a new drink," said Nuraini. The crown of the god is useful for treating cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hipetensi, even weak Lust. Besides the crown of the god, he is also seeking to develop mulberry plantations. Once dried, the mulberry leaf is believed to be able to treat various diseases such as migraine (migrants), teeth, lower blood glucose, aching bones, lower cholesterol levels and various kinds of other diseases.
Source:
http://www.indonesiaherbal.com/herbal/indo/mahkota_dewa.html
Thursday,
December 11, 2008
Phaleria macrocarpa, The
God's Crown
Glistening from its tree, this shiny red fruit invites the
forbidden. It lures with a sense of ripeness, an urgency to be plucked from its
branches and eaten. But stop! Refrain from this intention because the
possibility of poisoning or even death may await.
The bounty of the rainforest is often a mystery with a plethora of medical qualities hidden beneath the towering canopy of indigenous foliage. This is one kind of fruit that is a medical wonder, which was been taken from the forest about four centuries ago.
Mahkota Dewa (Macrocarpa phaleria) means 'God's Crown', a plant from the family of Thymelaeaceae. The name given to this fruit implies that it descends from heaven, as a benediction from divinity to help mankind. God's Crown is an indigenous plant from the island of Papua (Irian Jaya) located in the far east of the Indonesian archipelago.
In Papua Nugini, which is situated in the east of Papua, more specifically in the area of Maprik about a 2.5 hour journey from the town of Wewak, a God's Crown tree was founded, about nine meters in height, bearing fruit on every branch. Some of the local residents when asked what Mahkota Dewa was used for, reported that the tree is only decorative and its fruit extremely poisonous. The same answer was given to another journalist from Kompas daily newspaper that happened to come across a similar tree in a village near Timika. It's quite ironic that the local people know nothing of this fruit that is currently being sourced by outsiders to heal many kinds of disease.
Centuries ago samples of the Mahkota Dewa tree were once transported from the island of Papua by traditional Javanese medicine men and planted in the palace grounds of Solo and Jogyakarta. These men of wisdom had apparently developed a particular way of processing the poisonous fruit to make it a useful healing source. But knowledge of this medicine remained secret and age-old recipes were kept within the walls of the Javanese palaces for generations before news finally filtered out. The Javanese referred to this fruit as 'Makuto Dewo' and Chinese herbalists named it 'Pau', the patrimony drug.
Now this plant is no longer the secret property of a wise circle of healers. Due to its economic value and medicinal benefits, many have started to cultivate the Mahkota Dewa in their home compounds. The tree grows with ease and does not require any special treatment or handling. It can grow in areas from 0 - 1000 meters above sea level; can reach 5 meters in height and effortlessly produces ample flowers that eventually develop as fruit.
After planting seeds it only takes one year before fragrant flowers appear that in due course transform into green coloured young fruit. In a maturing process the fruit then become a dazzling red tone in shapes that range from a ping-pong ball to apple size in appearance. For those not familiar with the Mahkota Dewa, its fruit can be quite alluring and flourishes within convenient reach all over the tree, down the trunk and the branch armpits.
The entire component of the crop, seeds, fruit, leaves and branches all contain medicinal properties. The Mahkota Dewa can be utilized as single drug and or mixed with other herbs to strengthen its effects and to neutralize its poison. Although Mahkota tastes rather sweet, it is most important to remember that it cannot be consumed direct or prior to medical processing. It is a highly poisonous plant that can be fatal.
However, there is a certain technique to make it safe for traditional medicinal consumption. The immature green fruit as well as the ripened red fruit can be shredded and sun-dried. Take one tablespoon (no more) of this dried shredded flesh and mix it with a glass of boiling hot water to make a beverage infusion. It is believed that the flesh of the Mahkota Dewa fruit contains the anti-oxidant compounds that fight cancer. This is not recommended for pregnant women as consumption of this non-prescribed alternative medicine can endanger the unborn fetus.
Mahkota Dewa is often used as a therapeutic healing alternative for an assortment of diseases. Healing time varies depending on the patient's body weight and severity of the ailment. A chronic disease such as cancer requires approximately eight months curing time with dosage is two tablespoons of dried shredded flesh in a glass of hot water. If the condition shows sign of improvement the dosage is lessened.
Mahkota Dewa is believed to cure other diseases and health ailments such as high blood pressure, impotency, insomnia, influenza, rheumatism, allergies, heart disease, bladder complaints, uric acid and liver problems. However it is important that this traditional medicine is not consumed without prior consultation with a recommended herbalist.
From www.theechomagazine.com
REference shaman-australis.com by -bijanto-: Mar 2 2006, 02:07 AM
The bounty of the rainforest is often a mystery with a plethora of medical qualities hidden beneath the towering canopy of indigenous foliage. This is one kind of fruit that is a medical wonder, which was been taken from the forest about four centuries ago.
Mahkota Dewa (Macrocarpa phaleria) means 'God's Crown', a plant from the family of Thymelaeaceae. The name given to this fruit implies that it descends from heaven, as a benediction from divinity to help mankind. God's Crown is an indigenous plant from the island of Papua (Irian Jaya) located in the far east of the Indonesian archipelago.
In Papua Nugini, which is situated in the east of Papua, more specifically in the area of Maprik about a 2.5 hour journey from the town of Wewak, a God's Crown tree was founded, about nine meters in height, bearing fruit on every branch. Some of the local residents when asked what Mahkota Dewa was used for, reported that the tree is only decorative and its fruit extremely poisonous. The same answer was given to another journalist from Kompas daily newspaper that happened to come across a similar tree in a village near Timika. It's quite ironic that the local people know nothing of this fruit that is currently being sourced by outsiders to heal many kinds of disease.
Centuries ago samples of the Mahkota Dewa tree were once transported from the island of Papua by traditional Javanese medicine men and planted in the palace grounds of Solo and Jogyakarta. These men of wisdom had apparently developed a particular way of processing the poisonous fruit to make it a useful healing source. But knowledge of this medicine remained secret and age-old recipes were kept within the walls of the Javanese palaces for generations before news finally filtered out. The Javanese referred to this fruit as 'Makuto Dewo' and Chinese herbalists named it 'Pau', the patrimony drug.
Now this plant is no longer the secret property of a wise circle of healers. Due to its economic value and medicinal benefits, many have started to cultivate the Mahkota Dewa in their home compounds. The tree grows with ease and does not require any special treatment or handling. It can grow in areas from 0 - 1000 meters above sea level; can reach 5 meters in height and effortlessly produces ample flowers that eventually develop as fruit.
After planting seeds it only takes one year before fragrant flowers appear that in due course transform into green coloured young fruit. In a maturing process the fruit then become a dazzling red tone in shapes that range from a ping-pong ball to apple size in appearance. For those not familiar with the Mahkota Dewa, its fruit can be quite alluring and flourishes within convenient reach all over the tree, down the trunk and the branch armpits.
The entire component of the crop, seeds, fruit, leaves and branches all contain medicinal properties. The Mahkota Dewa can be utilized as single drug and or mixed with other herbs to strengthen its effects and to neutralize its poison. Although Mahkota tastes rather sweet, it is most important to remember that it cannot be consumed direct or prior to medical processing. It is a highly poisonous plant that can be fatal.
However, there is a certain technique to make it safe for traditional medicinal consumption. The immature green fruit as well as the ripened red fruit can be shredded and sun-dried. Take one tablespoon (no more) of this dried shredded flesh and mix it with a glass of boiling hot water to make a beverage infusion. It is believed that the flesh of the Mahkota Dewa fruit contains the anti-oxidant compounds that fight cancer. This is not recommended for pregnant women as consumption of this non-prescribed alternative medicine can endanger the unborn fetus.
Mahkota Dewa is often used as a therapeutic healing alternative for an assortment of diseases. Healing time varies depending on the patient's body weight and severity of the ailment. A chronic disease such as cancer requires approximately eight months curing time with dosage is two tablespoons of dried shredded flesh in a glass of hot water. If the condition shows sign of improvement the dosage is lessened.
Mahkota Dewa is believed to cure other diseases and health ailments such as high blood pressure, impotency, insomnia, influenza, rheumatism, allergies, heart disease, bladder complaints, uric acid and liver problems. However it is important that this traditional medicine is not consumed without prior consultation with a recommended herbalist.
From www.theechomagazine.com
REference shaman-australis.com by -bijanto-: Mar 2 2006, 02:07 AM
Phaleria macrocarpa
Family: Thymelaeaceae
Mahkota Dewa
Origin: New Guinea, Indonesia
Family: Thymelaeaceae
Mahkota Dewa
Origin: New Guinea, Indonesia
Phaleria macrocarpa is a dense evergreen tree, growing well in
tropical climates. For Indonesia, fruits and leaves of Phaleria macrocarpa has
been used to cure various health problems, including empirical treatment for
cancer.
Title:
ISOLATE COMPOUNDS FROM
PHALERIA MACROCARPA AS ANTI CANCER
Document
Type and Number:
WIPO
Patent Application WO/2010/064172
Kind
Code:
A2
Abstract:
A
pharmaceutical dosage form which is isolated and identified as DLBS1425F1 and
DLBS1425E2.2 compound derived from Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. plant.
Such two compounds, as single active compound or in combination, function as
anti proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, femalerelated diseases or other
gynecologic diseases such as cancer, adenoma, and cyst related to breast,
uterus, cervical, and ovary. DLBS1425E2.2 pure compound has a basic structure
of benzophenone, diphenylmethanone, diphenylketone, or benzoylbenzene with 3
hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at carbon 2, 6, and 4'; methoxy group (-OCH 3
) substituted at carbon 4. DLBS1425F1 pure compound has basic structure of
benzophenone, diphenylmethanone, diphenylketone, or benzoylbenzene with 2
hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at carbon 4' and 6; a methoxy group (-OCH 3 )
substituted at carbon 4, and β-D-glycopyranoside substituted at carbon 2.
Inventors:
ARIPIN,
Asep (Perum Graha Puspa, RT05/RW03 Kelurahan,Karangpawitan, Kecamatan Karawang
Bara, Karawang ., 41315, ID)
ARIFIN, Poppy Firzani (Gg. Damai no.51, Kelurahan SrengsengSawah, Kecamatan Jagakars, Jakarta Selatan ., 12640, ID)
TJANDRAWINATA, Raymond R. (Jl. Bangka VIII A/22, RT001/RW012,Kelurahan Pela Mampang, Kecamatan Mampang Prapata, Jakarta Selatan ., 12720, ID)
ARIFIN, Poppy Firzani (Gg. Damai no.51, Kelurahan SrengsengSawah, Kecamatan Jagakars, Jakarta Selatan ., 12640, ID)
TJANDRAWINATA, Raymond R. (Jl. Bangka VIII A/22, RT001/RW012,Kelurahan Pela Mampang, Kecamatan Mampang Prapata, Jakarta Selatan ., 12720, ID)
Application
Number:
IB2009/055353
Publication
Date:
June
10, 2010
Filing
Date:
November
26, 2009
Export
Citation:
Assignee:
PT.
DEXA MEDICA (Jl. Letjen Bambang Utoyo No.138, Kelurahan 8 Ilir Kecamatan Ilir
Timur I, Palembang ., 30115, ID)
ARIPIN, Asep (Perum Graha Puspa, RT05/RW03 Kelurahan,Karangpawitan, Kecamatan Karawang Bara, Karawang ., 41315, ID)
ARIFIN, Poppy Firzani (Gg. Damai no.51, Kelurahan SrengsengSawah, Kecamatan Jagakars, Jakarta Selatan ., 12640, ID)
TJANDRAWINATA, Raymond R. (Jl. Bangka VIII A/22, RT001/RW012,Kelurahan Pela Mampang, Kecamatan Mampang Prapata, Jakarta Selatan ., 12720, ID)
ARIPIN, Asep (Perum Graha Puspa, RT05/RW03 Kelurahan,Karangpawitan, Kecamatan Karawang Bara, Karawang ., 41315, ID)
ARIFIN, Poppy Firzani (Gg. Damai no.51, Kelurahan SrengsengSawah, Kecamatan Jagakars, Jakarta Selatan ., 12640, ID)
TJANDRAWINATA, Raymond R. (Jl. Bangka VIII A/22, RT001/RW012,Kelurahan Pela Mampang, Kecamatan Mampang Prapata, Jakarta Selatan ., 12720, ID)
Attorney,
Agent or Firm:
ROSALINA,
Belinda (Jl. Permata Hijau Raya B-29 Senayan, Jakarta Selatan, 12210, ID)
Download
PDF:
Claims:
|
Claims
1.
A pure compound having a basic structure of benzophenone, diphenylmethanone,
diphenylketone, or benzoylbenzene with 3 hydroxyl groups (-0H) substituted at
carbon 2, 6, and 4'; methoxy group (-OCH3) substituted at carbon
4.
2.
The pure compound according to claim 1, wherein such compound has a relative
molecular mass of 260.88 g/mol.
3.
The pure compound according to claim 1, wherein such compound has hydroxyl
group, carbonyl group, 0-ether group, conjugated double carbon bond, and
hydrogen-carbon aliphatic bond.
4.
The pure compound according to claim 1, wherein NMR experiment, hydrogen
atoms of such compound show chemical shift at 5.9 (s) ; 7.52 (d, JHz =8.55);
6.68 (d, JHz =8.55) ; 3.68 (s) .
5.
The pure compound according to claim 1, wherein NMR experiment, its carbon
atoms of such compound show chemical shift at 198.5; 165.6; 161.2; 161; 133;
132.8; 115.5; 108; 94.3; 55.5.
6.
1 A pure compound having a basic structure of benzophenone,
diphenylmethanone, diphenylketone, or benzoylbenzene with 2 hydroyl groups
(-0H) substituted at carbon 4' and 6; a methoxy group (-OCH3)
substituted at carbon 4, and β-D-glycopyranoside substituted at carbon 2.
7.
The pure compound according to claim 6, wherein such compound has relative
molecular mass of 422.6 g/mol.
8.
The pure compound according to claim 6, wherein such compound has hydroxyl
group (binding to C aromatic) , hydroxyl group (binding to C aliphatic) ,
carbonyl group, O-ether group, conjugated carbon bond, and hydrogen- carbon
aliphatic single bond, respectively.
9.
The pure compound according to claim 6, wherein NMR experiment, its hydrogen
atoms of such compound show chemical shift at (δ) : 6.2; 6.4; 6.8; 7.7; δ 6.2
(IH, d, JHz = 1.85); δ 6.4 (IH, d, JHz = 1.85); δ 6.8 (2H, d, JHz = 8.5) dan
δ 1.1 (2H, d, JHz = 8.5); δ 3.8 (IH, s) , δ 4.8 (2H, d, JHz= 7.9) .
10.
The pure compound according to claim 6; wherein NMR experiment, its carbon
atoms of such compound show chemical shift at δ = 164.3; 164.10; 159.03;
158.51; 133.69; 131.84; 116.04; 111.77; 102.55; 96.80; 94.90; 78.41; 77.91;
4.83; 71.31; 62.65; 56.01; and δ 192.5 (C=O) . 11. The use of Phaleria
macrocarpa
(Scheff.)
Boerl . extract including E2.2 and/or Fl compound (s) which derived there
from to make pharmaceutical dosage forms as anti proliferation of cancer
cells, apoptosis inducer, anti cancer, also diseases related to neoplasia and
treatment for female related diseases or other gynecologic diseases such as
cancer, adenoma, cyst related to breast, uterus, cervical, and ovary.
|
Description:
Description
ISOLATE
COMPOUNDS FROM Phaler±a macrocarpa AS ANTI CANCER
Field
of the Invention
The
present invention relates to compounds from Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.)
Boerl. plant including preparation process of compound isolation and biological
activities of such compounds. Two compounds have been isolated from Phaleria
macrocarpa named DLBS1425E2.2 and DLBS1425F1. Both compounds show anti
proliferation activity against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. DLBS1425E2.2 compound
also shows apoptosis inducer activity. Both compounds in accordance with the
present invention can be applied in treatment of female related diseases or
other gynecological diseases such as cancer, adenoma, cyst, related to breast,
uterus, cervical, and ovary.
Background
of the Invention
Cancer is one of the most leading death
causing diseases in Indonesia, since until now no effective treatment has been
found, especially for late stage of cancer. Cancer is caused by neoplasia which
is an abnormal proliferation of cells within a tissue or an organ, resulting in
a mass known as a neoplasm. Tumor is a neoplasm that has formed a lump; while
other type of neoplasm may not form a lump, for example cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and leukemia.
Neoplasm may be benign; however it can also be malignant. A benign neoplasm
includes, for example, leiomyoma or uterine fibroids and melanocytic nevi or
moles. A malignant neoplasm includes, for example, teratoma, also includes
various kinds of cancer, including breast cancer . One of the prevention and
treatment method against cancer is by using herbal medicine. One of the plants
that possess anti cancer properties is Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl . ,
a native plant of Papua that is widely known in Indonesia as "mahkota
dewa". In Indonesian patent
application POO 2005 00077, it has been taught that the flavonoid extract of
mahkota dewa was useful as anticancer based on its ability to reduce tyrosine
kinase activity, its capacity as antioxidant, and its activity against HeLa
cancer cells. Another Indonesian patent application POO 2008 00334 has taught
that mahkota dewa extract was useful as an antineoplastic, antiinflammatory,
and antiangiogenic agent. But in those patent applications, it has not been
explained which compound is useful in such plant extract . In the present invention, it will be learned
about benzophenone compounds as major components which are isolated and
identified from the fruits of mahkota dewa also their effects as anti
proliferating agent shows by their potential in inhibiting cell growth and
stimulating apoptosis which may induce cancer cell death.
Brief
Description of the Invention
The
objects and/or solutions which are taught from the present invention will be
set forth in the preferred embodiments. The embodiments illustrated to serve
the purpose of understanding the present invention, without limiting the
possibilities of other embodiments which can be learned from the practice of
the present invention. The objects and/or solutions which are taught in the
present invention will be realized from the elements and combinations detailed
in the claims herein.
To
attain the object and/or solutions of the present invention, as explained in
the embodiments and broadly described in this application, the first aspect of
the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical preparation which
comprises: (1) Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl . compound, for the purpose
of the present invention it will be used herein namely DLBS1425E2.2 hereinafter
abbreviated as E2.2, and (2) Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. compound, for
the purpose of the present invention it will be used herein namely DLBS1425F1
hereinafter abbreviated as Fl. Such E2.2 and Fl compounds as single active
compound or in combination, in effective amount or dose are useful for cancer
treatment or therapy. Pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the present
invention may also contain excipients that are pharmaceutically acceptable.
The
second aspect of the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical
preparation which contains E2.2 and Fl compounds which function as anti
proliferation of cancer cells also female related diseases or other
gynecological diseases such as cancer, adenoma, and cyst related to breast,
uterus, cervical, and ovary.
The
third aspect of the present invention is directed to E2.2 pure compound which
has basic structure of benzophenone, diphenylmethanone, diphenylketone, or
benzoylbenzene with 3 hidroxyl groups (-0H) substituted at carbon 2, 6, and 4';
a methoxy group (-OCH 3 ) substituted at carbon 4.
The
fourth aspect of the present invention is directed to Fl pure compound that has
basic structure of benzophenone, diphenylmethanone, diphenylketone, or
benzoylbenzene with 2 hidroxyl groups (-0H) substituted at carbon 4' and 6; a
methoxy group (-OCH 3 ) substituted at carbon 4, and a β-D- glycopyranoside
substituted at carbon 2.
Brief
Description of the Drawings
The
following drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the
specification of the present application, illustrate one or several embodiments
of the invention. The following drawings serve to explain the principles which
are taught by the present invention. Figure 1 shows a two-dimension diagram of
thin layer chromatography (TLC) results of E2.2 purity test.
Figure
2 shows an MS measurement result of E2.2 compound.
Figure
3 shows an E2.2 compound structure.
Figure
4 shows a two-dimension diagram of TLC results of Fl purity test.
Figure
5 (a) shows a measurement result of ions from MS FAB Fl data.
Figure
5 (b) shows an illustration of ion fragmentation from MS FAB Fl data. Figure 6
shows an Fl compound structure.
Figure
7 shows a bar diagram indicating the effect of Fl compound against
proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.
Figure
8 shows a bar diagram indicating the effect of E2.2 against proliferation of
MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Figure 9 shows a picture of electrophoresis results
indicating formation of DNA fragmentation in MDA-MB-231 cells which are caused
by E2.2 compound.
Figure
10 (a) shows a picture of electrophoresis results of BCl 2 RT-PCR
products. Figure 10 (b) shows a bar diagram indicating semiquantitatively BCl 2
RT-PCR products in MDA-MB-231 cells. Figure 11 (a) shows a picture of
electrophoresis results of Bax RT-PCR products.
Figure
11 (b) shows a bar diagram indicating semiquantitatively Bax RT-PCR products in
MDA-MB-231 cells.
Detailed
Description of the Invention
The
present invention will be discussed in details by giving examples without
limiting the scope of the invention to the examples described.
E2.2
and Fl compounds according to the teaching of the present invention originally
come from the fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl . The fruits being
used are ripe fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa. The plants of Phaleria macrocarpa
grow in various locations inside and outside of Indonesia, preferably Phaleria
macrocarpa which are planted at 10-1200 meters altitude in Java. It will be
described herewith the preparation for extraction procedure of E2.2 and Fl
compounds . E2.2 and Fl compounds according to the present invention function
as anti proliferation, apoptosis inducer, anti cancer and anti neoplasia which
can be used as treatment toward cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, anal
intraepithelial neoplasia, leukemia or other diseases caused by neoplasia,
including leiomyoma also other female gynecological related diseases such as
cancer, adenoma, cyst related to breast, uterus, cervical, and ovary.
A.
ISOLATION METHODS
1.
First method of E2.2 and Fl compounds preparation (Method D Single compound of
E2.2 and Fl derived from ripe fruits of mahkota dewa by some process steps:
alcohol extraction, fractionation by organic solvent or liquid-liquid
extraction, preparative chromatography or purification, crystallization and
identification. a. Alcohol extraction:
Plant
materials which are identified as ripe fruits of mahkota dewa named DLBS14,
were grinded, then extracted with alcohol solvent at a ratio in the range of
1:2 to 1:20 for certain incubation time with maximum 4 days at room temperature
to 7O 0 C. Undesired plant materials were separated as residue. Dry
extract of this process was called DLBS1437. b. Liquid-liquid Extraction/LLE :
Certain
amount of DLBS1437 were fractionated by LLE technique using mixture of organic
solvent and water at a ratio in the range of 1:1 to 2:1 at room temperature,
then were incubated maximum one night, thus it produced 2 layers. Upper layer,
organic phase, was collected for the following process, while the remaining
water fraction was discarded. c. Purification:
To
the organic phase, LLE products were fractionated with preparative
chromatography column (stationary phase: silica gel; mobile phase: organic
solvents) where E2.2 isolate compound was obtained from an E fraction which was
purified by crystallization using chloroform solvent. An Fl compound was
obtained from an F fraction which was purified by re- crystallization with
ethanol-water . d. Identification:
E2.2
compound physically is a yellow-orange crystal with melting point 173.1-174.7
°C. TLC assay at SiC> 2 gel media was eluted with chloroform/acetone
solvent system 5/1 (v/v) migrated at Rf 0.32, analyzed with UV lamp at either
long or short λ produced positive results, while derivatization using 5%
sulphate acid followed by heating produced bright orange color. See Figure 1.
Spectroscopy UV data showed 2 peaks, with maximum peak at 294.5 nm.
IR
spectroscopy of E2.2 compound read peaks at 3288 (read as hydroxyl) , 1731
(read as conjugated ketone C=O, middle) , 1070 (read as C-O, strong), 1579,
1608 (read as C=C conjugated), 1400-1600 (read as C-C aromatic), 2858, 2913
(read as C-H aliphatic) . IR spectroscopy data of E2.2 compound above showed
absorbancies as indication of hydroxyl, carbonyl, 0-ether, conjugated
carbon-carbon bonds, and hydrogen-carbon aliphatic groups.
Based
on NMR results, it was obtained proton NMR data which showed signals at
chemical shift (δ) : 5.9 (s) ; 7.52 (d,
JHz
=8.55); 6.68 (d, JHz =8.55); 3.68 (s) . Carbon NMR data showed carbon signals
at chemical shift: 198.5; 165.6; 161.2;
161;
133; 132.8; 115.5; 108; 94.3; 55.5. Based on MS (mass spectroscopy) data E2.2
compound has a relative molecular mass 260.88 g/mol with formula Ci 4 Hi
2 O 5 . MS data results are shown in
Figure
2.
From
all spectroscopy data showed by E2.2 isolate compound directed to benzophenone
group compound (or: diphenylmethanone, diphenylketone, benzoylbenzene) . E2.2
compound structure is illustrated in Figure 3. E2.2 compound is a compound of
benzophenone group with 3 hydroxyl groups (- OH) substituted at carbon 2, 6,
and 4'; methoxy group (-OCH 3 ) substituted at carbon 4. Therefore,
chemical name (IUPAC) of E2.2 compound is 2, 4' ,
6-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone . Fl compound physically is a white crystal
solid with melting point 204.5-204.7 °C. TLC assay in SiO 2 gel
media eluted with chloroform/methanol/water solvent system 8/2/0.1 (v/v/v)
migrated at Rf 0.35, analysis with UV lamp at either long or short λ showed
positive results, while derivatization with 5% sulphate acid followed by
heating produced bright orange color with stronger intensity compared to E2.2
compound. See Figure 4. UV spectroscopy data showed 2 peaks, with a maximum
peak at 292.5 nm.
IR
Spectroscopy data of Fl compound read peaks at 3363 (read as hydroxyl in
aromatic), 3207 (read as hydroxyl in aliphatic, peak relative wide, because
OH>1), 1651 (read as conjugated ketone C=O, middle) , 1087 (read as C-O,
strong) , 1608 (read as conjugated C=C), 1400-1600 (read as C-C aromatic),
2970, 2920, 2872, 2821 (read as C-H aliphatic) . IR spectroscopy data of Fl
compound above showed absorbancies as indication of hydroxyl group (binding to
C aromatic) , hydroxyl group (binding to C aliphatic) , carbonyl, O-ether,
conjugated carbon bond, hydrogen-carbon aliphatic single bond, respectively.
Different with IR spectroscopy data of E2.2 compound, hydroxyl group in Fl
compound was detected more than one. This was showed by absorbance peak at 3207
that is not sharp. Four absorbancies for hydrogen-carbon aliphatic single bond
also give information of C-H bond in other group binding to the main structure.
Based
on NMR result, proton NMR data showed signals at chemical shift (δ) : 6.2; 6.4;
6.8; 7.7; δ 6.2 (IH, d, JHz = 1.85); δ 6.4 (IH, d, JHz = 1.85); δ 6.8 (2H, d,
JHz = 8.5) and δ 1.1 (2H, d, JHz = 8.5); δ 3.8 (IH, s) , δ 4.8 (2H, d, JHz =
7.9) . Carbon NMR data showed signals at chemical shift: δ 164.3; 164.10;
159.03; 158.51; 133.69; 131.84; 116.04; 111.77; 102.55; 96.80; 94.90; 78.41;
77.91; 4.83; 71.31; 62.65; 56.01 and δ 192.5 (C=O) . Based on MS data Fl
compound has relative molecular mass 422.6 g/mol with formula C 2 QH
22 O 1 Q . See Figure 5a. This MS data supports the fact
in Fl structure determination, with ions fragmentation illustration during FAB
MS (Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry) analysis process. Fl compound was
analyzed using FAB MS machine, in the machine occurred H + atomic
bombardment reaction to the Fl structure, thus it produced fragments that
showed in peaks data at m/z 422.6; 260.99 and 167.15. Based on fragments value
then it was reconstructed into the structure as shown in Figure 5b. Such
reconstruction result was in line with MS data analysis result .
From
all spectroscopy data given by Fl isolate compound directed to benzophenone
group compound (or: diphenylmethanone, diphenylketone, benzoylbenzene) . Fl
compound structure is illustrated at Figure 6. Fl compound is a compound of
benzophenone group compound with 2 hydroxyl groups (-0H) substituted at carbon
4' and 6; a methoxy group (-OCH 3 ) substituted at carbon 4, and
β-D-glycopyranoside substituted at carbon 2. Therefore, a chemical name (IUPAC)
of Fl compound is 4' , 6-di-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-0-β-D-
glycopyranoside .
2.
E2.2 and Fl compounds preparation (Method 2)
As
an alternative, to obtain single isolate compound of E2.2 and Fl from ripe
fruits of mahkota dewa, some steps are performed including conventional
extraction process and supercritical CO 2 (SCFE-CO 2 )
extraction method, fractionation by liquid-liquid extraction using combination
of organic solvents that is immiscible with water, preparative/ purification
column chromatography, crystallization, and identification. a. Alcohol
extraction: Alcohol extraction method in this Method 2 is similar to alcohol
extraction in Method 1 from DLBS14 until DLBS1437 is produced. b. Liquid-liquid
Extraction (LLE) :
Liquid-liquid
extraction method in this Method 2 is similar to liquid-liquid extraction in
Method 1 until organic fractions are produced. c. Purification
Dried
organic fractions from LLE process then will be extracted selectively using
liquid SCFE-CO 2 instrument, 5% co- solvent at condition: 2 hours of
operation time, 50-60 0 C of temperature. Simpler selective
fractions are to be used in preparative chromatography column step. Based on
chromatography orientation, an isolate was obtained from B-I fraction similar
to E2.2 isolate and it was later purified by recrystallization using mixture of
alcohol and water solvents. An isolate was also obtained from B-2 fraction similar
to Fl isolate compound and it was also purified later by recrystallization
using mixture of alcohol and water solvents. d. Identification:
Two
isolate compounds obtained from SCFE-CO 2 extraction process were
compared to E2.2 and Fl compounds based on the preparation according to Method
1. Identification result of SCFE-CO 2 extraction process showed that
isolate compound from B-I fraction was identical with E2.2 and isolate compound
from B-2 fraction was identical with Fl .
B.
Anti proliferation Effect of E2.2 and Fl Compound against
MDA-MB-231
Cancer Cells
In
this assay, the effect of E2.2 and Fl compounds as anti proliferation and E2.2
compound as apoptosis inducer against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells will be observed.
MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in supplemented medium cells, and then incubated
at temperature 37° C, 5% CO 2 . 1 . Method a. Anti-Proliferation
Assay of MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cells
This
assay was performed in 96-well plates. Each well contained certain cancer cell
density. After incubation for 24 hours, medium was changed into serum free
medium, after that it was added with E2.2 compound sample as a single agent in
various concentrations, so was with Fl compound. Cells were then re-incubated
and after that the number of alive cells after treatment was determined by cell
death determination assay. Absorbance value was read in microplate reader.
After the absorbance value was converted with standard curve, the number of
alive and death cells can be obtained.
Percentage
of the number of alive cells in each treatment can be counted by counting the
number of alive cells at wells that received treatment divided with the number
of alive cells at healthy control and multiplied with 100%.
%
The number of alive cells = B/A X 100% Notes: A is the number of alive cells at
healthy control, and B is the number of alive cells that received treatment.
IC50 value is a number showing a sample concentration that causes death as much
as 50% in a population. Such value is obtained using BioStat statistical program.
b.
DNA Fragmentation Analysis Method
Apoptosis
is an active process of cell death marked with DNA chromosome cleavage,
chromatin condensation, and also DNA fragmentation. In this experiment, it was
observed the effect of E2.2 compound addition toward the formation of DNA
fragmentation as one of apoptosis indicators. Cells were cultured in the
plates. After incubation for 24 hours, it was added with E2.2 compound in
various concentrations. DNA fragmentation determination was performed using DNA
Apoptosis Ladder Kit. DNA fragmentation results were observed in
electrophoresis gel, visualized using ethidium bromide.
c.
Method of RNA isolation and RT-PCR BCl 2 and Bax genes are genes
acting in apoptosis process. To identify BCl 2 and Bax mRNA
expressions, RT-PCR (reverse- transcription PCR) was performed. MDA-MB-231
cancer cells were grown in plates and added with E2.2 compound samples as a
single agent in various concentrations. Experiment condition was performed in
serum free medium. RNA total was isolated from MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. RNA
isolation products were quantified using spectrophotometer and visualized by
agarose gel electrophoresis technique. The RNAs were then used in RT- PCR
process using specific primers. RT-PCR process was performed in PCR machine
with optimized condition. RT-PCR products were observed in electrophoresis gel
which visualized using ethidium bromide.
2.
Results a. Assay Results of the Effect of E2.2 and Fl Compounds Against
Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cells
Results
showed that E2.2 and Fl compounds indicated anti
proliferation effect in MDA-MB-231 cells. This was shown by significant
decrease of percentage of alive cancer cell along with increase of the extract
concentration. This was shown in Figure 7 for Fl compound and Figure 8
for E2.2 compound. Percentage data of alive cells were used in counting IC50 in
MDA-MB-231 cells. IC50 value obtained from E2.2 compound in MTT result was
36.91 μg/mL while from Fl compound in MTT result was 65.80 μg/mL. Data was
obtained using BioStat statistical program.
b.
DNA Fragmentation Analysis Result DNA fragments from samples obtained from
MDA-MB-231 cells and treated with E2.2 compound in concentration 50, 75, and
100
μg/mL showed that E2.2 compound has an apoptosis inducer effect. One of
apoptosis markers is the formation of DNA fragments as shown in Figure 9.
c.
BCl 2 and Bax RT-PCR Results
BCl
2 gene is one of oncogenes of BCL-2 family member which has an antiapoptotic property. BCL-2 family member is divided into two groups activities,
proapoptosis and antiapoptosis . Cell sensitivity in stimulating apoptosis
depends on the balance between proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. If the
proapoptotic proteins are abundant, then a cell will tend to undergo apoptosis,
but if the antiapoptotic proteins are abundant then a cell will tend to resist
against death.
From
the PCR results using BCl 2 specific primer, there was a
downregulation of BCl 2 mRNA expression in MDA-MB-231 cells after
treated with E2.2 compound. On the gel, it was observed that bands of BCl 2
gene amplification products were narrower by increasing the extract
concentration administered. Quantitatively, the downregulation of BCl 2 in
mRNA level is illustrated in Figure 10a and Ib.
Contrary
to that BCl 2 , there was an upregulation of Bax in mRNA level in
MDA-MB-231 cells. Analysis result showed that the higher E2.2 compound
concentration, the denser the bands produced. See Figure 11a and lib.
3. Discussion and Conclusion
Conclusion
of the experiment results is that E2.2 and Fl compounds
could induce inhibition of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell proliferation.
IC50 value obtained from E2.2 compound was 36.91 μg/mL while from Fl compound
was 65.80 μg/mL.
A
material is called active having antiproliferation effect if it has IC50
<100 μg/mL. Both compounds, E2.2 and Fl compounds, are benzophenone group
which has cancer cell growth inhibition activity.
The above results showed that E2.2 compound was more
potent to inhibit cancer cell growth at lower dose compared to Fl compound.
Therefore the apoptosis assay was more focused on E2.2 compound. The above data
also showed that E2.2 and Fl compounds have potency as
anti proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Indication
of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells after administration of E2.2 compound is
formation of DNA fragments, decrease of Bcl∑ mRNA expression and increase of
Bax mRNA expression. Such results support deduction that E2.2 and Fl compounds
are able to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and therefore it can be used as
anti cancer. In addition, E2.2 and Fl compounds can be
used to treat diseases caused by neoplasia (abnormal proliferation) also
gynecological related diseases, such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,
anal intraepithelial neoplasia, leukemia, leiomyoma, adenoma, and cyst related
to breast, uterus, cervical, and ovary. Such results are also supported by the
result of E2.2 compound which could stimulate apoptosis or cell death in cancer
cells.
C
. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Nutraceutical
The
present invention includes composition and pharmaceutical dosage forms that
contain E2.2 and Fl compounds or one of them in an effective amount as active
ingredient which is pharmaceutically acceptable and physiologically suitable .
In the process of making pharmaceutical composition according to the present
invention, such E2.2 compound and/or Fl (are mixed with excipient (s) ,
dissolved by excipient (s) , or mixed in pharmaceutical carrier which can be
made in the form of capsule, sachet, paper, also other materials or packagings.
If pharmaceutically approved excipient is used as a solvent, the excipient can
be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid (oral and injection), that reacts
as a carrier or medium for the active substance. Thus, pharmaceutical composition
according to this invention can be made in the form of pill, capsule, tablet,
powder, sachet, solution, syrup, emulsion, suspension, effervescence tablets,
gel, ointment, cream, and mouthwash, massage oil, suppository, or injection.
Besides , pharmaceutical composition comprising E2.2 and Fl, or one of them,
according to this invention can also be made as supplement, vitamin, also food
and beverage production .
Some
examples of suitable excipients are microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin,
lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, flour, calcium phosphate,
calcium silicate, etc. Formulation according to this invention may also contain
lubricant agent (such as talc, stearic magnesium, and mineral oil) , wetting
agent, preservative agent, sweetener and flavoring.
Composition
according to this invention can also be made with formulation that cause active
ingredient to be released directly, sustained, or controlled after the patient
receives it using methods that have been applied in pharmaceutical industry.
Tablet or pill according to this invention can be coated to extend the half
life of the extract thus its frequency of use can be reduced.
Method
of formulating this extract in a solid form, such as tablet, E2.2 and Fl
compounds or one of them can be mixed with excipient (s) to form an initial
formulation containing homogeneous mixture from the composition according to
this invention. The initial formulation is a mixture contained the active
ingredient of E2.2 and Fl compounds or one of them dispersed homogeneously so
it can be properly distributed into the required dose in a dosage form, for
example capsule, tablet, or pill.
Tablet
or pill according to this invention can be added with a protection layer to
reduce or cover bitter taste from the composition or active substance of E2.2
and Fl compounds or one of them.
E2.2
and Fl compounds or one of them in effective amount or dose according to this
invention is the concentration or dose which the E2.2 and Fl compounds or one
of them able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and/or other
gynecologic pathologic cells. The effective concentration depends on the
physical condition of the patient, including weight, age, etc. and also depends
on the type, size, and amount of cancer cells and other targeted pathologies.
This
present invention also anticipates the therapeutic use of E2.2 and Fl compounds
or one of them as prevention, concurrent, or after intrusive surgery to carry
or take out neoplasm mass. The E2.2 and Fl compounds or one of them can be
given directly to or around the location of neoplasm mass carried out from such
intrusive surgery.
This
present invention also anticipates the therapeutic use of E2.2 and Fl compounds
or one of them that is used with or after the radiotherapy. This present
invention also anticipates the use of E2.2 and Fl compounds or one of them
together with or additional to the composition of anti proliferation, apoptosis
inducer, anti cancer, as well diseases caused by neoplasia and female related
diseases or other gynecological diseases such as cancer, adenoma, and cyst
related to breast, uterus, cervical, and ovary.
D.
Application in Industry E2.2 and Fl compounds or one of them and its
pharmaceutical dosage forms can be produced in an industrial scale in production
of extract, powder extract, and/or pharmaceutical dosage forms mainly for oral
dosage form such as solid, semi-solid, or liquid that is used as anti
proliferation, apoptosis inducer, anti cancer, female related diseases or other
gynecological diseases such as cancer, adenoma, and cyst related to breast,
uterus, cervical, and ovary.
Crown God Phaleria Macrocarpa as A Herbal
14
June 2010 One Comment
The
debate about the efficacy of the crown god was frequent. Some people think it is very toxic.
Eating raw fruit is very not recommended because it causes swelling, bruising,
and ulcers in the mouth, even unconscious poisoning. The very poisonous part is
seeds. If bitten, tongue will be numb, rigid, and leads to fever. Therefore its
use is still limited as externally. Various skin diseases such as itching,
scabies, scab, and eczema can be overcome.
However,
the use must be careful because the active compounds can be absorbed into the
bloodstream. For sensitive people, it still can cause poisoning. According to
dr Dalimartha Setiawan, doctor and traditional healer, the crown god has
been used as eczema medicine a long ago. However, the function for
treating various chronic diseases is still not believed. This is due to its
toxic content. Eating crown god processed also still has to be
careful. For some people, it can cause dizziness and nausea.
Despite
this effect, there are many proofs show efficacy of crown god in
treating various acute illnesses. It is often used in conjunction with other herbs
to treat diabetes, hypertension, and liver disorders. As a cancer
cure, crown god is proved as good herb. It’s contents; tannin,
terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins have anticancer and
antioxidant activity. Fresh fruit has tannins four times more than the old
fruit.
As
a medicine, the use of crown god has expanded as a healer of
diseases. Besides the already mentioned above, it’s potion can heal
hypertension, migraine, kidney, blood disorders, skin disease and acne. This
red fruit is also able to treat rheumatism, analgesic, antipyretic,
anti-inflammatory, and anti uric acid. In fact, in some cases it was able to
cure disorders in pets, such as ringworm and scabies in dogs.
Macrocarpa
Phaleria efficacy is increasingly strengthened by the existence of a variety of
supporting research. The Research Dra Lisdawati Vivi Msi.Apt from Akafarma RI
Department of Health showed encouraging results. Drag force of crown god
pulp extracts on the growth leukemia cells L1210 was tested in vitro. Tues
spleen of a rat was taken and given leukemia virus.
Fruit
extract was given at a dose of 4.99-7.71 ppm. Apparently, 50% of leukemia
growth cells were inhibited after a 48-hour incubation period. IC50 Limit of a
potential anticancer plant is less than 10 ppm. For example, extract of
Catharanthus roseus, which has been known as anticancer
plants, has IC50 value 7 ppm.
Dra
Lisdawati Vivi Msi.Apt was also able to find a chemical compound with molecular
formula C10H20O6 and molecular structure 5 –
[4 (4 Methoxyphenyl)-tetrahydrofuro (3.4-c) furan-1-yl]-benzene-1, 2.3-triol in
the fruit extract. The compound was one of lignan compounds that have been
known as anticancer compounds. Antioxidant activity of the fruit
extracts also investigated. With a solution of 2.2 – diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil
in spektofotometri Uv.Vis, it turns out the fruit extract as an antioxidant
potential with IC50 value 94.89-136.79 ppm.
That’s
in line with the results of the study of Dr. Regina Sumastuti Sp FK of
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gajah Mada
University. Fruit and leaf extracts of crown god could inhibit the cancer
cells growth on cervix. Fruit and leaves are also potential as antihistamines
so can be used as a drug allergy. For woman, it efficacious accelerate
menstruation and childbirth because it stimulates uterine contractions, uterine
muscle. However, for a young pregnant, its use should be very careful because
it can be an abortion. Therefore, according to Ir W.P. Winarto, owner of the
Clinic “Herbal Karyasari”, crown god is still drug with the very careful
use, both dose and consumption way.
In
its role as a drug, the crown god is still combined with many other
medicinal plants, mainly for acute illness. According to Purwo Suryanto,
traditional healers, there is basically no plant capable to cure the disease on
just itself.
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