Kenapa Sekarang Ramai Lelaki Lembut

Kenapa Sekarang Ramai Lelaki Lembut

Samada anda sedari atau tidak sekarang diperhatikan terdapat banyak lelaki lembut. Bagi ibu bapa yang punya anak berpewatakan lembut sudah tentu merasa susah hati dan kekurangan sesuatu. Tedapat juga masalah kekeliruan gender dan keujudan gay dan lesbian yang menyalahi hukum agama! Di zaman Nabi Luth, golongan gay dan Lesbian telah ditimbus atau ditengkarap di dalam tanah di Negeri Sodom dekat Israel. Begitu juga perihal kejadiannya di kota Pompei Itali.

BPA meracun hidupan di bumi termasuklah manusia dan juga haiwan ! Kajian dilakukan oleh USA di Tasik Apopka Florida di mana buaya jantan dalam tasik di Florida ini mempunyai alat biak jantan yang sudah mengecut atau tidak berfungsi ! Akhirnya organ pembiakan jantan ini beransur mengecil, hilang fungsi asalnya dan buaya ini menjadi seolah olah seperti buaya betina !!! Penelitian saintis menunjukkan bahan BPA hasil buangan dari plastik yang telah mencemarkan tasik Apopka, Florida dengan banyaknya !! Kalau buaya jantan yang 3 kali ganda lebih berat daripada manusia boleh bertukar watak sebagai mirip buaya betina apa mustahilnya manusia lelaki yang lebih ringan badan mereka bertukar bentuk cenderung menjadi seperti perwatakan perempuan akibat pencemaran bahan plastik !!!

Sebenarnya plastik juga mengandungi banyak bahan racun lain seperti dioxin dan phtalate! Dioxin dikenalpasti menyebabkan barah manakala phtalate menyebabkan pembesaran payudara di kalangan lelaki selain barah untuk jangka panjang ! BPA, PCBs, Dioxin, phtalate, melamine, VCM, polyethylene, plastik  dsbnya adalah produk yang berasal daripada minyak mentah petroleum !!!

Penelitian saintis Jepun di sebuah tasik di Jepun mendapati ikan ikan koi jantan dalam tasik itu telah kecut organ pembiakan jantannya dan ini berkorelasi dengan pencemaran plastik atau BPA yang tinggi di tasik itu !!! Bahan cemar plastik menyerupai atau mimik hormon wanita estrogen dan progesterone ! Dalam perihal kejadian insan dalam rahim ibu, sebenarnya untuk menjadikan atau membentuk manusia lelaki lebih rumit atau lebih banyak step step nya daripada untuk menjadi atau membentuk manusia perempuan !!!  Apabila step step ini dikacau dengan kehadiran hormon hormon wanita seperti estrogen dan progesterone hasil dari mimikkan pencemaran plastik, step step ini akan direncat (terbantut) dan tiada inhibition untuk mencipta manusia perempuan. Disebabkan step step untuk membentuk manusia perempuan (Kromosom XX) lebih ringkas peringkat peringkatnya, maka janin dalam kandungan berubah menjadi bersifat wanita walaupun kromosomnya adalah XY (Lelaki) !!!

Dalam perihal tasik di Jepun ia lebih kurang sama dengan disruption hormon pada manusia di mana ikan ikan betina lebih banyak ditetaskan sedari  telur ikan ikan !!! Semua jantina anak anak ikan yang ditetas dari telur telur ikan adalah betina akibat disruption dari plastik yang menyerupai tindakan hormon hormon wanita estrogen dan progesterone!!!

Plastik yang menyerupai tindakan hormon hormon wanita estrogen dan progesterone boleh sebabkan lelaki berubah sikap menjurus kepada kewanitaan, bersikap mengharap (high dependency) kepada lelaki lain dan berubah menjadi gay !!! Malangnya lelaki gay telah banyak ujud di Malaysia dan mencakupi juga golongan profesional !!! Hairannya manusia perempuan seolah olah tidak marah (merestui?) pada gay tetapi sangat marah jika lelaki mempunyai kecenderungan kepada wanita atau  beristeri lain !!! Wahai insan wanita, ketahuilah sekiranya lelaki anda beristeri lebih dari satu maka ia adalah lelaki sejati yang sangat kuat kejantanannya. Anda seharusnya berbangga dengan  mereka dan menyokong mereka beristeri ramai kerana ia tidak menyalahi hukum syariat asalkan ketetapan dan tanggungjawab diikuti !!! Bukan saya bias tetapi peristiwa israk mikraj Nabi Muhammad mendapati insan wanita lebih banyak bilangannya di dalam neraka daripada manusia lelaki !!! Jadi insan perempuan muhasabah dirilah dan berubah ke arah menjadi muslimah yang terbaik dan terjamin tempat anda di tempat yang baik di akhirat nanti !!!

Oleh yang demikian, sekiranya anda seorang manusia jantan, dan isteri anda  masih juga tidak termengandung ngandung lagi, jangan salahkan isteri anda !!! Mungkin alat biak jantan anda yang telah kecut atau tidak berfungsi akibat pencemaran plastik sehari hari dalam kehidupan anda !!! Kepada manusia perempuan pula pastikan ahli keluarga anda makan dalam bekas kaca atau bekas besi dan hindarkan makan dalam bekas plastik, melamine, polistirene dsbnya daripada keluarga plastik. Masaklah untuk keluarga anda dan bawa bekal dari rumah di mana ia lebih disukai dan diredhai Allah dan juga lebih selamat serta lebih bersih , lebih berkat, lebih jimat dsbnya !!! Sekiranya benar sayang pada anak anda, hindari bekas plastik atau botol susu plastik yang ada BPA phtalate dsbnya ! Pilih bekas kaca yang lebih selamat !!! Jangan pilih bekas berwarna warni bercorak dsbnya kerana mungkin ada plumbum atau logam berat lain di dalamnya!!! Jangan juga pilih bekas tanah kerana dikuatiri tanah liat digunakan telah dicemari logam berat raksa !!!

Ingatlah kereta baru akan mengeluarkan banyak phtalate! Begitu juga bahan penjagaan atau pewangi badan dan kosmetik mengandungi phtalate. Anda makan dalam pinggan polistirene akan mengundang padah badan anda tercemar dengan phtalate dan racun lain !!! Antara kesan pthalate adalah pembesaran payudara di kalangan manusia lelaki - sama seperti konsep diatas iaitu tiada inhibition kepada hormon perempuan !!!

Malangnya d Malaysia tiada kajian dilakukan! Jika ada kajian pun, ia disenyapkan dan tidak dihebah kepada umum untuk tindakan lanjut atau tindakan sewajarnya !!!

Pernahkah anda tefikir tentang berapa juta gadget dijual di Malaysia setiap tahun? Smartphone dengan model model gadget terbaru yang keluar setiap 6 bulan sudah tentu akan punya power bank yang tentunya akan dibuang merata merata tempat  di Malaysia ! Power bank atau bateri rechargeable ini mempunyai bahan bahan berbahaya umpamanya raksa, Nikel, Cadmium, plumbum dsbnya !!! Ini tidak termasuk bateri size AAA, AA, D dsbnya lagi yang turut meracun alam sekitar !! Manusia di Malaysia ramai yang tidak sedar kepentingan menjaga alam sekitar ! Mereka membuang sampah dari dalam kereta. Pembalut plastik juga dibuang sesuka hati ke Jalan2 raya dsbnya. Ada yang sanggup berhenti dari kereta semata mata hendak membuang bekas2 plastik mereka di jalan raya. Sedihnya ini adalah not in my back yard syndrome! Kononnya asal jangan persekitaran rumah mereka yang kotor tetapi persekitaran laman orang lain menjadi kotor tidak mengapa! Ini adalah perbuatan yang tidak bertanggungjawab yang dibenci Allah! Mereka tidak sedar bekas plastik ini akan hanyut ke sungai dan malang sekali lagi tempat loji air menyedut bekalan air minuman terletak di hilir sungai atau muara sungai dan fenomena ini bermaksud segala racun industri pertanian, dan industri berat yang menggunakan racun, asid kimia,  restoran dsbnya telah sempat masuk dengan banyaknya ke dalam anak anak sungai yang akhirnya akan tersalir juga ke dalam sungai sungai utama yang menjadi bekalan air rakyat 1 Malaysia !!!

Jika di fikir-fikir dan di congak congak mungkin terdapat 2 juta unit rumah di Lembah Kelang. Sekiranya 1 rumah ada 10 lampu kalimantang, maka 10 x 2 juta = 20 juta lampu kalimantang ada di Lembah Kelang sahaja!!! Bila lampu ini sudah rosak, ia dipecahkan dan raksa di dalamnya akan terbebas! Bayangkan 20 juta lampu kalimantang ini dengan kandungan raksa yang banyak sudah tentu akan menyebabkan kesan kesihatan yang serius kepada rakyat di Lembah Kelang!!! Masih tiada kesedaran bagi rakyat Malaysia mengumpulkan lampu lampu ini bagi dikitar semula dan menghalang pengaliran raksa ke dalam persekitaran atau ke dalam anak2 sungai seterusnya ke sungai besar bagi menghindarkan penyakit penyakit kronik dari meragut kualiti hidup rakyat Malaysia !!! Untuk menyalahkan rakyat semata mata tidak wajar kerana sepatutnya kerajaanlah yang memulakan serta mengajar rakyat bagi menjadi sedar serta bertanggungjawab kepada alam sekitar !! Bukannya membawa PSY bagi mendendangkan tarian gangnam style yang jelas merosakkan budaya ketimuran masyarakat di Malaysia !!

Cadmium

Cadmium

Cadmium adalah logam berat yang terdapat secara semulajadi di dalam tanah! Cadmium adalah logam berat yang tidak berbau dan tiada rasa! Ia memasuki tubuh melalui asap rokok, meminum air atau makanan yang mengandungi cadmium atau menafas dalam udara yang mengandungi kadmium!

Kadmium susah untuk memasuki badan melalui kulit! Logam Cadmium menyebabkan sakit perut, loya dan muntah! Pendedahan Cadmium secara berpanjangan boleh merosakkan paru paru dan buah pinggang! Kadmium menyebabkan lemah tulang (osteomalacia), reput tulang atau tulang rapuh (osteoporosis). Logam Cadmium menyebabkan kurang darah (anemia), gigi berwarna, dan hilang deria bau! Logam Cadmium atau sebatiannya boleh menyebabkan barah ( carcinogenic agent ) !!!

Malangnya, kadang-kadang Logam Berat Cadmium mungkin boleh kedapatan hadir terdapat pada makanan2 kering! Adakah makanan kering seperti sotong kering atau rumpai laut kering dsbnya mengandungi Cadmium?

Raksa

Raksa

Raksa adalah logam berat yang terdapat secara semulajadi di dalam udara, air dan tanah! Ia boleh ujud dalam berbagai bentuk iaitu sebagai unsur atau sebagai logam raksa, raksa organik atau sebatian raksa bukan organik. Pendedahan raksa kepada manusia boleh berlaku melalui makanan, sedutan nafas dan sentuhan kulit.

Sistem saraf pusat amat sensitif kepada apa saja bentuk kejadian raksa. Pendedahan raksa secara berpanjangan boleh merosakkan otak, buah pinggang dan mencacatkan bayi dalam kandungan. Menurut USEPA, mercuric chlorida dan methyl mercury boleh menyebabkan barah!

Tanda tanda keracunan raksa adalah seperti perubahan tingkah laku, perubahan emosi, perubahan deria sentuhan, perubahan tindakbalas manusia dan boleh melemahkan otot serta tubuh badan.

Malangnya, kadang kadang raksa mungkin boleh didapati hadir terdapat pada serbuk makanan! Mungkinkah serbuk makanan kering dsbnya mengandungi raksa?

Benzoic acid

Benzoic acid

Benzoic acid adalah sejenis pengawet makanan yang sering dimasukkan ke dalam jus buah buahan, sos dsbnya! Lain kali baca label di botol anda sebelum telan...! Lagi banyak kandungan Benzoic acid dalam makanan, maka lagi lamalah makanan itu tahan sampai  bertahun tahun tanpa risau ia akan menjadi basi !!!

Benzoic acid adalah kristal pepejal tanpa warna dari jenis carboxylic asid. Pendedahan Benzoic acid kepada manusia boleh berlaku melalui makanan, sedutan nafas mahupun hanya dengan sentuhan kulit kepada  racun ini. Benzoic acid bersifat merengsa saluran nafas, batuk2 dan sakit tekak. Jika banyak dimakan akan menyebabkan sakit perut, sakit tekak, loya muntah. Benzoic acid juga menyebabkan mata merah dan berair.

Hairannya Benzoic acid masih dibenarkan berada dalam makanan paras maksimum 800mg/kg !  WHO juga membenarkan Benzoic acid berada dalam makanan dan paras yang boleh dimakan setiap hari oleh WHO adalah berada pada 5mg/kg berat badan ! 

Triazophos

Triazophos

Triazophos adalah racun serangga dari jenis organophosphate.

Pendedahan Triazophos kepada manusia boleh berlaku melalui makanan, sedutan nafas mahupun hanya dengan sentuhan kulit kepada tanah yang telah tercemar dengan racun ini.

Triazophos bersifat racun kepada saraf (Neurotoxin - inhibits cholinesterase enzyme).

Triazophos boleh menyebabkan sakit kepala, pandangan kabur, mata berair, air liur meleleh dengan berlebihan, selsema, pening, keliru, lemah anggota badan, ketar, loya, cirit birit, dan rentak jantung caca marba. Kesan jangka panjang Triazophos boleh sebabkan lemah anggota badan, hilang selera makan dan rasa letih yang keterlaluan.

Malangnya, Triazophos telah ada digunakan bagi menyembur racun serangga ke atas permukaan buah buahan.

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34613

Triazophos is a Organophosphorus compound.

Report a Poisoning

Symptoms of Poisoning with Organophosphorus Compounds

Find Products Containing this Chemical

- Excessive salivation, sweating, rhinorrhea and tearing. - Muscle twitching, weakness, tremor, incoordination. - Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea. - Respiratory depression, tightness in chest, wheezing, productive cough, fluid in lungs. - Pin-point pupils, sometimes with blurred or dark vision. - Severe cases: seizures, incontinence, respiratory depression, loss of consciousness. - Cholinesterase inhibition.

Detailed Toxicity Information
Acute Toxicity 2	Triazophos
WHO Acute Hazard TRI Acute Hazard Material Safety Data Sheets Acute rating from U.S. EPA product label U.S. NTP Acute Toxicity Studies View Studies Cholinesterase Inhibitor	Ib, Highly Hazardous Not Listed Not Available No Consensus Value No NTP Studies Yes
2. The acute toxicity reported on this page is of the pure chemical ingredient only and may not reflect the acute toxicity of individual pesticide products. To view acute toxicity of individual products, click on 'View Products' link in the 'Chemical Identification' section above.
Cancer Information	Triazophos
IARC Carcinogens U.S. NTP Carcinogens California Prop 65 Known Carcinogens U.S. EPA Carcinogens TRI Carcinogen	Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed
Endocrine Disruption	Triazophos
Illinois EPA list Keith list Colborn list Benbrook list Danish Inert list EU list	Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity	Triazophos
CA Prop 65 Developmental Toxin U.S. TRI Developmental Toxin CA Prop 65 Female Reproductive Toxin CA Prop 65 Male Reproductive Toxin U.S. TRI Reproductive Toxin	Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed
Chemicals of Special Concern	Triazophos
PAN Bad Actors PAN Dirty Dozen list	Yes Not Listed

Ethion

Ethion

Ethion adalah racun serangga dari jenis organophosphate. Pendedahan Ethion kepada manusia boleh berlaku melalui makanan, sedutan nafas mahupun hanya dengan sentuhan kulit kepada tanah yang telah tercemar dengan racun ini. Ethion bersifat racun kepada saraf (Neurotoxin - inhibits cholinesterase enzyme).

Ethion boleh menyebabkan sakit kepala, pandangan kabur, mata berair, air liur meleleh dengan berlebihan, kencing dalam seluar, selsema, pening, keliru, lemah anggota badan, ketar, loya, cirit birit, dan rentak jantung caca marba. Kesan jangka panjang Ethion boleh sebabkan lemah anggota badan, hilang selera makan dan rasa letih yang keterlaluan.

Malangnya, Ethion telah ada digunakan bagi menyembur racun serangga ke atas permukaan buah buahan. Mungkinkah buah seperti cili, buah limau dll dicemari dengan racun Ethion?

Click Here ienochlor-glyphosate/ethion

TRADE OR OTHER NAMES

Trade names include Ethanox, Ethiol, Hylemox, Nialate, Rhodiacide, Rhodocide, RP-Thion, Tafethion, Vegfru Fosmite.

INTRODUCTION

Ethion is an organophosphate pesticide used to kill aphids, mites, scales, thrips, leafhoppers, maggots and foliar feeding larvae. It may be used on a wide variety of food, fiber and ornamental crops, including greenhouse crops, lawns and turf. Ethion is often used on citrus and apples (1, 5). It is mixed with oil and sprayed on dormant trees to kill eggs and scales. Ethion may also be used on cattle. It is available in dust, emulsifiable concentrate, emulsifiable solution, granular and wettable powder formulations. Products containing ethion must bear the signal word "Warning" (2). EPA has established re-entry intervals of from 2 to 30 days, depending on the crop, for ethion (8).

Ethion is one of a class of insecticides referred to as organophosphates. These chemicals act by interfering with the activities of cholinesterase, an enzyme that is essential for the proper working of the nervous systems of both humans and insects. Please refer to the Toxicology Information Brief on cholinesterase-inhibition for a more detailed description of this topic.

TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS

ACUTE TOXICITY

Ethion is highly toxic by inhalation, dermal exposure, and ingestion. Like most organophosphates, ethion is readily absorbed through the skin. Skin which has come in contact with this material should be washed immediately with soap and water and all contaminated clothing should be removed. It may cause contact burns (11). Ethion is almost non-volatile at normal temperatures, but when it is used as a spray, it is easily inhaled (14). If ethion is inhaled, runny nose and a sensation of tightness in the chest are common complaints(12). Persons with respiratory ailments, recent exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors, impaired cholinesterase production, or with liver malfunction may be at increased risk from exposure to ethion. High environmental temperatures or exposure of ethion to visible or UV light may enhance its toxicity (6).

Ethion may be very irritating to the eye. It caused slight inflammation and redness in the eye and skin, both of which cleared within 48 hours. Ethion is not a skin sensitizer (8).

The organophosphate insecticides are cholinesterase inhibitors. They are highly toxic by all routes of exposure. When inhaled, the first effects are usually respiratory and may include bloody or runny nose, coughing, chest discomfort, difficult or short breath, and wheezing due to constriction or excess fluid in the bronchial tubes. Skin contact with organophosphates may cause localized sweating and involuntary muscle contractions. Eye contact will cause pain, bleeding, tears, pupil constriction, and blurred vision. Following exposure by any route, other systemic effects may begin within a few minutes or be delayed for up to 12 hours. These may include pallor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, eye pain, blurred vision, constriction or dilation of the eye pupils, tears, salivation, sweating, and confusion. Severe poisoning will affect the central nervous system, producing incoordination, slurred speech, loss of reflexes, weakness, fatigue, involuntary muscle contractions, twitching, tremors of the tongue or eyelids, and eventually paralysis of the body extremities and the respiratory muscles. In severe cases there may also be involuntary defecation or urination, psychosis, irregular heart beats, unconsciousness, convulsions and coma. Death may be caused by respiratory failure or cardiac arrest (6).

Some organophosphates may cause delayed symptoms beginning 1 to 4 weeks after an acute exposure which may or may not have produced immediate symptoms. In such cases, numbness, tingling, weakness and cramping may appear in the lower limbs and progress to incoordination and paralysis. Improvement may occur over months or years, but some residual impairment will remain (6).

The amount of a chemical that is lethal to one-half (50%) of experimental animals fed the material is referred to as its acute oral lethal dose fifty, or LD50. The oral LD50 for pure ethion in rats is 208 mg/kg. The oral LD50 for technical ethion in rats is 13 to 191 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg in mice and guinea pigs (2, 6). The dermal LD50 in rats is 62 mg/kg, 915 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and 890 mg/kg in rabbits (6).

The lethal concentration fifty, or LC50, is that concentration of a chemical in air or water that kills half of the experimental animals exposed to it for a set time period. The 4-hour LC50 for ethion in rats is 0.864 mg/l (2).

CHRONIC TOXICITY

In a chronic toxicity study with rats fed 0, 0.1, 0.2 or 2 mg/kg/day for 18 months, decreased cholinesterase levels occurred in the high dose group. No other toxic effects were observed. The NOEL for this study was 0.2 mg/kg (9).

Repeated or prolonged exposure to organophosphates may result in the same effects as acute exposure including the delayed symptoms. Other effects reported in workers repeatedly exposed include impaired memory and concentration, disorientation, severe depressions, irritability, confusion, headache, speech difficulties, delayed reaction times, nightmares, sleepwalking and drowsiness or insomnia. An influenza-like condition with headache, nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, and malaise has also been reported (6).

Reproductive Effects

A 3-generation reproduction study with rats given dietary doses as high as 1.25 mg/kg/day did not show any ethion related reproductive effects (8, 9). Once in the bloodstream, ethion may cross the placenta (6).

Teratogenic Effects

When rats were given doses of 0, 0.2, 0.6 or 2.5 mg/kg on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy, developmental effects were seen only in the highest dose tested. In fetuses of the high dose group, there was an increased incidence of delayed ossification of the pubic bones. The developmental NOEL in this study was 0.6 mg/kg. When rabbits were given doses of 0, 0.6, 2.4 or 9.6 mg/kg on days 6 to 18 of pregnancy, fetuses from the highest dose tested exhibited an increased incidence of fused sternal bones. The developmental NOEL in this study was 2.4 mg/kg (9).

Mutagenic Effects

Assays on gene mutation, structural chromosomal aberration, and unscheduled DNA synthesis indicate that ethion is not mutagenic (8, 9).

Carcinogenic Effects

Ethion was not found to be carcinogenic in rats and mice (8). There was no increase in the incidence of tumors in rats fed dietary doses as high as 2 mg/kg/day for 18 months. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in mice fed dietary doses of up to 1.2 mg/kg/day for 2 years (9).

Organ Toxicity

Ethion primarily affects the nervous system through cholinesterase inhibition, by which there is a deactivation of cholinesterase, an enzyme required for proper nerve functioning.

Fate in Humans and Animals

The literature reviewed is not specific, but ethion is probably degraded in the same general way as other organophosphates.

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Effects on Birds

Ethion is highly toxic to practically non-toxic to birds, depending on the species. Ethion is highly toxic to songbirds (LD50 in Red-winged blackbirds is 45 mg/kg). It is moderately toxic to medium sized birds such as bobwhite quail (LD50 is 128.8 mg/kg) and starlings (>304 mg/kg). Ethion is practically non-toxic to larger upland game birds (ring-necked pheasant) and waterfowl (mallard duck) (9).

Because ethion is persistent in the environment and because it is stored in plant and animal tissues, EPA is concerned that ethion may adversely affect bird reproduction. EPA has called for studies on the effects of ethion on bird reproduction (9).

Effects on Aquatic Organisms

Ethion is very highly toxic to freshwater and marine fish and to freshwater invertebrates (7, 8). The 96-hour LC50 for ethion in rainbow trout is 500 ug/l (2). The acute LC50 in Atlantic silversides is 49 ppb, 49 ppb in bluegill sunfish, and in 720 ppb cutthroat trout and flathead minnows. The LD50 for freshwater invertebrates is 0.056 to 7.7 ppb, depending on the species, and 5.6 to 49 ppb for marine and estuarine invertebrates. Ethion accumulates in the tissues of fish (8, 9).

Effects on Other Nontarget Species

Ethion is practically non-toxic to honeybees. Its LD50 is 20.55 ug/bee (8, 9).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

The major metabolite of ethion is carbon dioxide (8).

Breakdown of Chemical in Soil and Groundwater

Ethion adsorbs strongly to soil particles and it is nearly insoluble in water. It is therefore unlikely to leach or contaminate groundwater (3). In soil, ethion is subject to microbial degradation. It is resistant to hydrolysis, except in alkaline conditions (pH 9 or above) (4, 8). Ethion is broken down in acids and bases. It is very slowly broken down in the air (7).

Under laboratory conditions, the soil half-life of ethion was 1.3 to 8 weeks, but in a greenhouse with an organic soil, it was more persistent, with half-lives of 16 to 49 weeks, depending on the degree of watering. When used repeatedly, ethion residues in soil will increase from one year to the next (4).

Breakdown of Chemical in Water

Ethion is almost insoluble in water (7). In open waters, it is likely to adsorb to suspended particles and bottom sediments. The persistence half-life of ethion varied from 4 to 22 weeks when tested in three different natural waters under laboratory conditions. It breaks down slowly in irrigation canal water (half-life = 26 days) (J. Agric. Food Chem. 31 (4):704.1983). Its hydrolysis half-lives at 25 degrees C are 63, 58, 25 and 8.4 weeks at pHs 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively. The half-life was 1 day at pH 10 and 30 degrees C. Microbial degradation of ethion may be insignificant in open waters. Volatilization be important only in shallow, rapidly moving streams. Photo-oxidation may occur in sunlight. Bioconcentration of ethion may be significant (4).

Breakdown of Chemical in Vegetation

No information found.

Physical Properties and Guidelines

Pure ethion is a colorless to light brown or pale yellow liquid with no odor (2, 6). Technical ethion has a very disagreeable odor. Ethion is stable under normal temperatures and pressures if kept in a closed container, but it may oxidize slowly if exposed to air. Ethion will hydrolyze in the presence of bases, acids or lime (6). Thermal decomposition of ethion may release toxic gases such as diethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and phosphorus pentoxide (2).

Major tranquilizers (phenothiazines and thioxanthines) may enhance the toxicity of organophosphates (Martin. Hazards of Medication. 1971).

Persons who work with organophosphate materials for long periods of time should have frequent blood tests of their cholinesterase levels. If the cholinesterase level falls below a critical point, no further exposure should be allowed until it returns to normal (10).

Protective clothing must be worn when using ethion. Before removing gloves, wash them with soap and water. Always wash hands, face and arms with soap and water before smoking, eating or drinking. After work, remove all work clothes and shoes. Shower with soap and water. Wear only clean clothes when leaving the job. Wash contaminated clothing and equipment with soap and water after each use. Keep contaminated work clothes separate from regular laundry (8).

Exposure Guidelines:

0.4 mg/m3 OSHA TWA (skin) (6)

0.4 mg/m3 ACGIH TWA (skin) (6)

0.4 mg/m3 NIOSH Recommended TWA (skin) (6)

Physical Properties:

CAS #:	563-12-2
Specific gravity:	1.215 - 1.230 at 20 degrees C (2, 15)
Solubility in water:	practically insoluble (2)
Solubility:	Soluble in ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and most organic solvents (1, 5). Slightly soluble in acetone, chloroform, kerosene, 1% methyl ethyl ketone, methylated napthalene, benzene and xylene (15). Miscible in aromatic solvents (16).
Boiling point:	164 - 165 degrees C at 0.3 mm Hg (2); 302 degrees F (150 degrees C), decomposes (6)
Melting point:	12 - 15 degrees C (2, 15); 10 degrees F (-12 degrees C) (6)
Flash point:	176 degrees C (2)
Vapor pressure:	1.5 x 10 to the minus 6 power mm Hg at 20 degrees C (5).
Koc:	8890 g/ml (3)
Oil:	water partition coefficient - 5.073 (J. Environ. Sci. Health part B. B18 (6):667-83.1983).
pH:	5.1 in an equal volume of water (8)
Chemical class/use:	organophosphate insecticide

BASIC MANUFACTURER

FMC Corp.
Agricultural Chemicals Group
2000 Market St.
Philadelphia, PA 19103

Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos adalah racun serangga dari jenis organophosphate.

Pendedahan Chlorpyrifos kepada manusia boleh berlaku melalui makanan, sedutan nafas mahupun hanya dengan sentuhan kulit kepada tanah yang telah tercemar dengan racun ini.

Chlorpyrifos bersifat racun kepada saraf (Neurotoxin). Menurut USEPA, Chlorpyrifos boleh menyebabkan lelah dan mencacatkan bayi dalam kandungan.

Chlorpyrifos boleh menyebabkan sakit kepala, pandangan kabur, mata berair, air liur meleleh dengan berlebihan, selsema, pening, keliru, lemah anggota badan, ketar, loya, cirit birit, dan rentak jantung caca marba. Kesan jangka panjang Chlorpyrifos boleh sebabkan lemah anggota badan, hilang selera makan dan rasa letih yang keterlaluan.

Malangnya, Chlorpyrifos ada digunakan bagi menyembur racun serangga ke atas permukaan buah buahan. Mungkinkah buah seperti timun dll ada dicemari racun Chlorpyrifos?

www.epa.gov/oppschlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos Facts

EPA 738-F-01-006
February 2002

EPA has assessed the risks of chlorpyrifos and reached an Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) for this organophosphate (OP) pesticide. Provided that risk mitigation measures are adopted, chlorpyrifos fits into its own "risk cup"-- its individual, aggregate risks are within acceptable levels. Chlorpyrifos also is eligible for reregistration, pending a full reassessment of the cumulative risk from all OPs.

Used on a variety of food and feed crops, golf courses, as a non-structural wood treatment, and as an adult mosquitocide, chlorpyrifos residues in food and drinking water do not pose risk concerns. With mitigation eliminating virtually all homeowner uses, chlorpyrifos fits into its own "risk cup." With other mitigation measures, chlorpyrifos worker and ecological risks also will be below levels of concern for reregistration.

EPA's next step under the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) is to complete a cumulative risk assessment and risk management decision encompassing all the OP pesticides, which share a common mechanism of toxicity. The interim decision on chlorpyrifos cannot be considered final until this cumulative assessment is complete. Further risk mitigation may be warranted at that time.

EPA is reviewing the OP pesticides to determine whether they meet current health and safety standards. Older OPs need decisions about their eligibility for reregistration under FIFRA. OPs with residues in food, drinking water, and other non-occupational exposures also must be reassessed to make sure they meet the new FQPA safety standard.

The chlorpyrifos interim decision was made through the OP pilot public participation process, which increases transparency and maximizes stakeholder involvement in EPA's development of risk assessments and risk management decisions. EPA worked extensively with affected parties to reach the decisions presented in this interim decision document, which concludes the OP pilot process for chlorpyrifos.

Uses

·       Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops.

·       Approximately 10 million pounds are applied annually in agricultural settings. The largest agricultural market for chlorpyrifos in terms of total pounds ai is corn (~5.5 million).

Health Effects

·       Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.

Risks

·       Dietary exposures from eating food crops treated with chlorpyrifos are below the level of concern for the entire U.S. population, including infants and children. Drinking water risk estimates based on screening models and monitoring data from both ground and surface water for acute and chronic exposures are generally not of concern.

·       In June, 2000, the Agency entered into an agreement with the technical registrants to eliminate virtually all homeowner uses, except ant and roach baits in child resistent packaging.

·       Residential postapplication exposures may occur after termiticide use in residential structures. To mitigate risks from this use, the technical registrants agreed in June 2000 to limit termiticide treatments to 0.5% solution, and cancel all postconstruction uses. Pre-construction use will remain until 2005, unless acceptable exposure data are submitted that show that residential postapplication risks from this use are not a concern.

·       Occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos is of concern to the Agency. Exposures of concern include mixing/loading liquids for aerial/chemigation and groundboom application, mixing wettable powder for groundboom application, aerial application, and application by backpack sprayer, high-pressure handwand, and hand-held sprayer or duster. Generally, these risks can be mitigated by a combination of additional personal protective equipment and engineering controls, and by reductions in application rates. Additionally, the Agricultural Handler Task Force will be developing exposure data to better characterize the risk from certain uses (e.g., applying granulars by air).

·       Risk quotients indicate that a single application of chlorpyrifos poses risks to small mammals, birds, fish and aquatic invertebrate species for nearly all registered outdoor uses. Multiple applications increase the risks to wildlife and prolong exposures to toxic concentrations. To address these risks, a number of measures including reduced application rates, increased retreatment intervals, reduced seasonal maximum amounts applied per acre, and no-spray setback zones around water bodies will be needed.

Risk Mitigation

In order to support a reregistration eligibility decision for chlorpyrifos, the following risk mitigation measures are necessary:

·       To mitigate risks to agricultural workers PPE consisting of double layers, chemical resistant gloves, chemical resistant shoes plus socks, chemical resistant headgear for overhead exposure, chemical resistant apron when cleaning and mixing or loading and a dust/mist respirator are required for the following scenarios: mixing/loading liquids for groundboom and airblast application, loading granulars for ground application, tractor drawn granular spreader, and low pressure handwand.

·       engineering controls are required for the following scenarions: mixing wettable powder for groundboom application (water soluble packaging), mixing wettable powder for airblast application (water soluble packaging), and aerial application of sprays (enclosed cockpit).

·       There are still some occupational risk scenarios that are still below the target MOE of 100, even with all feasible PPE or engineering controls. The risk assessments for these uses will be refined with additional data.

·       To mitigate ecological risks the technical registrants have agreed to label amendments which include the use of buffer zones to protect water quality, fish and wildlife, reductions in application rates, number of applications per season, seasonal maximum amounts applied, and increases in the minimum intervals for retreatment.

·       The mitigation measures prescribed in the IRED along with mitigation that is already being implemented as a result of the June, 2000, Memorandum of Agreement, will reduce risk to both terrestrial and aquatic species. For example, many of the reported incidents of wildlife mortality associated with chlorpyrifos use were related to residential lawn and termite uses and use on golf courses. The residential uses have been eliminated, the termiticide use is being phased out, and the application rate on golf courses has been reduced from 4 to 1 lb/ai/A. Additionally, no-spray buffers around surface water bodies, as well as rate reductions for agricultural uses will be implemented as a result of this IRED and will further reduce the environmental burden of chlorpyrifos.

The OP Pilot Public Participation Process

The organophosphates are a group of related pesticides that affect the functioning of the nervous system. They are among EPA's highest priority for review under the Food Quality Protection Act.

EPA is encouraging the public to participate in the review of the OP pesticides. Through a six-phased pilot public participation process, the Agency is releasing for review and comment its preliminary and revised scientific risk assessments for individual OPs. (Please contact the OP Docket, telephone 703-305-5805, or see EPA's web site, Pesticide Reregistration Status.)

EPA is exchanging information with stakeholders and the public about the OPs, their uses, and risks through Technical Briefings, stakeholder meetings, and other fora. USDA is coordinating input from growers and other OP pesticide users.

Based on current information from interested stakeholders and the public, EPA is making interim risk management decisions for individual OP pesticides, and will make final decisions through a cumulative OP assessment.

Next Steps

·       Numerous opportunities for public comment were offered as this decision was being developed. In addition, the chlorpyrifos IRED has been issued with a public comment period (see Pesticide Reregistration Status).

·       When the cumulative risk assessment for all organophosphate pesticides is completed, EPA will issue its final tolerance reassessment decision for chlorpyrifos and may request further risk mitigation measures. The Agency will revoke the tomato tolerance and amend the grape and apple tolerances for chlorpyrifos. For all OPs, raising and/or establishing tolerances will be considered once a cumulative assessment is completed.

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33392

Chlorpyrifos is a Organophosphorus compound.

Report a Poisoning

Symptoms of Poisoning with Organophosphorus Compounds

Find Products Containing this Chemical

- Excessive salivation, sweating, rhinorrhea and tearing. - Muscle twitching, weakness, tremor, incoordination. - Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea. - Respiratory depression, tightness in chest, wheezing, productive cough, fluid in lungs. - Pin-point pupils, sometimes with blurred or dark vision. - Severe cases: seizures, incontinence, respiratory depression, loss of consciousness. - Cholinesterase inhibition.

NOTE! STRICT HYGIENE! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!		General First Aid: IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!
Route of Exposure	Symptoms	First Aid
Inhalation	Convulsions. Dizziness. Sweating. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Vomiting. Pupillary constriction muscle cramp excessive salivation.	Fresh air rest. Artificial respiration if indicated. Refer for medical attention.
Skin	MAY BE ABSORBED! (Further see Inhalation).	Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention.
Eyes	Blurred vision.	First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible) then take to a doctor.
Ingestion	Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Vomiting. (See Inhalation).	Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention.
Notes for ICSC Information
Depending on the degree of exposure periodic medical examination is indicated. Specific treatment is necessary in case of poisoning with this substance; the appropriate means with instructions must be available. If the substance is formulated with solvent(s) also consult the card(s) (ICSC) of the solvent(s). Carrier solvents used in commercial formulations may change physical and toxicological properties. Do NOT take working clothes home. Dursban Dowco 179 Eradex Lorsban Pyrinex Coroban Danusban Terial are trade names.

Aquatic Ecotoxicity

All Toxic Effects for Organism Group
Organism Group	Effects Noted
Amphibians	Accumulation, Avoidance, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Genetics, Growth, Morphology, Mortality
Annelida	Genetics, Intoxication, Mortality, Population
AquaticPlants	Accumulation, Biochemistry, Ecosystem Process, Physiology, Population
Cnidaria	Mortality, Population
Crustaceans	Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Intoxication, Mortality, No Effect Coded, Physiology, Population
Echinoderms	Development, Population
Fish	Accumulation, Avoidance, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Histology, Injury, Intoxication, Morphology, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction
Insects	Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Genetics, Growth, Intoxication, Mortality, No Effect Coded, Physiology, Population, Reproduction
MarineBenthicCommunity	Development, Mortality, Population
Molluscs	Accumulation, Behavior, Development, Enzyme(s), Growth, Intoxication, Morphology, Mortality, Population, Reproduction
NematodesandFlatworms	Behavior, Immunological, Mortality, Population, Reproduction
Phytoplankton	Accumulation, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Ecosystem Process, Enzyme(s), Growth, Mortality, Physiology, Population
Zooplankton	Accumulation, Avoidance, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Growth, Hormone(s), Intoxication, Mortality, No Effect Coded, Population, Reproduction
~ Un-Assigned	Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Immunological, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction

Summary of Acute Toxicity for Organism Group
Organism Group	Average Acute Toxicity	Acute Toxicity Range
Amphibians	Moderately Toxic	Moderate to Very High Toxicity
Annelida	Very Highly Toxic	Very Highly Toxic
Crustaceans	Very Highly Toxic	High to Very High Toxicity
Fish	Highly Toxic	Moderate to Very High Toxicity
Insects	Very Highly Toxic	Moderate to Very High Toxicity
MarineBenthicCommunity	Very Highly Toxic	Very Highly Toxic
Molluscs	Moderately Toxic	Moderate to High Toxicity
NematodesandFlatworms	Moderately Toxic	Moderate to Very High Toxicity
Phytoplankton	Moderately Toxic	Moderate Toxicity
Zooplankton	Moderately Toxic	Slight to Very High Toxicity